Zapraszamy do zapoznania się ze SPISEM TREŚCI zeszytu 2 z 2016 roku.

URSZULA ŚWIDERSKA-WŁODARCZYK
Uniwersytet Zielonogórski
Instytut Historii

A Model of the Commonwealth Official in the Sixteenth
and Seventeenth Century in the Light of the Old–Polish
Speculum Literature

The eponymous model of a diplomat is based on the old–Polish specula texts written in the 16th and 17th centuries by such authors as Stanisław Orzechowski, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski, Wawrzyniec Goślicki, Jakub Górski, Reinhold Heidenstein, Jan Żabczyc, Kacper Siemek, and many others. A majority of them were employed in the state administration. And all of them presented similar views on the model of state official, despite the differences between them, that is the period of their writing activity, and the form and quality of their literary narrative. Those similarities included mainly the protagonists of their texts in the form of depersonalised but personified models which made it possible for them to distinguish them from the personal models associated with actual persons. This ascertainment allows us to formulate a new definition of exemplars and role models (authorities) written from the perspective of the historian. Its essence, besides the abovementioned division, consists in its difference from earlier sociological definitions, but also in setting apart their genealogical, personal, professional and socio–religious conditions. From this perspective the model official appears as a nobleman (most often), a wealthy man (preferable), excellently educated, morally positive, the finest professional, and at the same time a caring guardian of his family, humane master, sympathetic neighbour, active landowner, good citizen and Christian. The model thus created in the 16th and 17th centuries is a kind of constant, with no evident transformations brought up by the process of evolution. At the same time it is not a purely theoretical entity as is testified by the presence of its requirements in the contemporary promoted role models.

ARTUR WALDEN
Uniwersytet Opolski
Instytut Historii

Sejmik of Bełz Voivodeship vs Church and Denomination.
Problems in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1587–1668

Postulates concerning the problems of the Catholic Church and clergy emerged usually on the occasion of the thorny issue of equality of privileges and duties of secular Catholics and the clergy (the so–called compositio inter status) which attracted strong interest of the nobility. The problem could be amounted to three fundamental questions: the obligatory payments for religious purposes (tithes), appropriation of secular nobility’s properties by high Church dignitaries and the higher clergy, and the jurisdiction in cases between the clergy and the nobility. A part of those matters were associated with spheres which were fundamental for the state, such as its defence, finances, or the judiciary. The stance of Bełz Sejmik on dissidents’ demands was a natural consequence of the attitude of dominant political parties and involvement of the most important dissidents (dissenters). In 1573–1605 the nobility of the Bełz Voivodship was under a great influence of Chancellor Jan Zamoyski, who perceived the religious tolerance and religious peace as one of the foundations of the political system of the Commonwealth. Thus, according to the registers of acts of the Bełz Voivodeship Sejmiks, the local nobility demanded that religious peace be maintained and punishment be inflicted upon all those who disturbed it. Also after Zamoyski’s death in 1605, the Bełz nobility, politically “formed” by the chancellor, continued his policy towards dissidents, demanding, among other things, that King Sigismund III Vasa did not discriminate non–Catholics when appointing to offices and dignities; and wanted him to “appease” the Greek religion. Until the chancellor’s death dissident regularly and actively participated in sessions of the Sejmik, which is testified by numerous functions they fulfilled on behalf of the Sejmik, including their being envoys to the Sejm sessions. From the early 1620s there is a marked decline in their activity at the Bełz sejmik. The main cause was the progressing Counter–Reformation and in consequence a decreasing number of the non–Catholic nobility, but also the attitude of Tomasz Zamoyski, who was not as tolerant towards dissidents as his father. All those factors had a great impact on the shift in the attitude of the Bełz nobility towards dissidents that took place at the end of the 1630s and in the early 1640s. Not only did the nobility less and less frequently support
demands of the non–Catholic nobility, but for the first time they began attack some of religious groups in their instructions of their envoys to the Sejm. Attacks focused mainly on the Polish Brethren (Arians) and members of the Orthodox Church, who exerted the least influence at the Bełz Sejmik. This negative stance towards dissidents did not change until the end of the analysed period, when the instruction of the Bełz Sejmik to the Convocation Sejm convened after King John Casimir abdicated, included a reference to the laws of dissidii in religione christiana, which were to be taken into consideration when the general confederation was being formed. This can be explained by huge popularity in the Bełz Voivodship of the Crown Steward Feliks Kazimierz Potocki.

ZBIGNIEW HUNDERT
Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego
Instytut Nauk Historycznych

Szczebrzeszyn Confederation 1672–1673 and the Bielsk Land

In the period of Szczebrzeszyn Confederation 1672–1673 the Land of Bielsk was set up as a location of two confederated cavalry units which made part of the royal regiment – Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki’s rota of Hussars, under the command of Bełz Castellan Aleksander Ludwik Niezabitowski, and the armoured rota of Court Marshal of the Crown and Brańsk Starost Jan Klemens Branicki. The units were to defend the borders of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania against operations of the hostile union of the Lithuanian Army formed under the aegis of the royalist, Grand Hetman Michał Kazimierz Pac. The Bielsk nobility themselves expressed their strong support for King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki and a pro–royal Gołąb Confederation. They did not, however, protest against the location of the troops in their territory, probably because there were also some units of the royal regiment stationing, but these, by joining the Szczebrzeszyn Confederation, paradoxically, turned against the pro–royal Gołąb Confederation. Despite their support for the Gołąb confederates, the Bielsk nobility did not turn against the Crown army — apart from Grand Hetman Jan Sobieski himself — as we can conclude from the fact that the confederated infantry regiment of Jan Karol Daniłowicz was paid on time. Thus, the Brańsk sejmik did not breach the law imposed at the Lwow commission of 1667.

STANISŁAW ZAWADZKI
Uniwersytet Warszawski
Instytut Historyczny

Political Controversies over the Arrest of Cracow Bishop Kajetan Sołtyk
in 1782 in the Light of Teodor Ostrowski’s Written News–Sheets

In February 1782 the Cracow Chapter made its ill Bishop Kajetan Sołtyk arrested. The authority over the diocese was taken over by bishop coadjutor Prince Michał Poniatowski. This provoked anxiety in Cracow, and numerous charges were formed against King Stanislaus Augustus, Michał Poniatowskiego and the Permanent Council with its Military Department. A commission set by the king declared Sołtyk insane, and placed him under guardianship. These events prompted the antiroyal opposition to demand the immediate release of the bishop and the severe punishment for the Cracow canons. For this reason Sołtyk’s arrest became the main subject matter of the stormy session held at the autumn Sejm, called for this reason “the Sołtyk Sejm”.

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Glauco Maria Cantarella
Università di Bologna
Scuola Di Lettere E Beni Culturali
Via Zamboni, 38
40126 Bologna BO

Urszula Świderska Włodarczyk
Uniwersytet Zielonogórski
Instytut Historii
al. Wojska Polskiego 69
65-762 Zielona Góra

Artur Walden
Uniwersytet Opolski
Instytut Historii
ul. Strzelców Bytomskich
245-084 Opole

Zbigniew Hundert
Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego
Instytut Nauk Historycznych
ul. Wóycickiego 1/3, bud. 23,
01-938 Warszawa

Stanisław Zawadzki
Uniwersytet Warszawski
Instytut Historyczny
ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28
00-927 Warszawa

Marcin Kamler

Wiktor Szymborski
Uniwersytet Jagielloński
Instytut Historii
ul. Gołębia 13
31-007 Kraków

Radosław Poniat
Uniwersytet w Białymstoku
Instytut Historii i Nauk Politycznych
Plac Uniwersytecki 1
15 -420 Białystok

Rafał Matuszewski
Universität Heidelberg
Seminar für Alte Geschichte und Epigraphik
Marstallhof 4
69117 Heidelberg

Włodzimierz Lengauer
Uniwersytet Warszawski
Instytut Historyczny
ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28
00-927 Warszawa

Magdalena Brzozowska
Uniwersytet Warszawski
Instytut Historyczny
ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28
00-927 Warszawa

Aneta Pieniądz
Instytut Historyczny
Uniwersytet Warszawski
ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28
00-927 Warszawa

Wojciech Tygielski
Uniwersytet Warszawski
Instytut Historii Sztuki
ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28
00-927 Warszawa

Piotr Kardyś
Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielcach
Instytut Historii
ul. Żeromskiego 5
25-369 Kielce

Wojciech Iwańczak
Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielcach
Instytut Historii
ul. Żeromskiego 5
25-369 Kielce